# Actual Freedom – Definitions

Definitions ## Haploid & Diploid Cells; Hazard; Heckle and Jeckle ## Heliocentrism; Herd Instinct; Highbrow; Hive Mind ## Holily/Holiness; Hortative; Hortatory; Howler Haploid & Diploid Cells: haploid & diploid cells: “...most cells have two full sets of chromosomes and are technically called diploid cells; when such a cell divides, it must first duplicate its chromosomes so as to produce two daughter cells that are also diploid; this type of cell division is called mitosis, and all somatic cells—that is, cells used for the maintenance, functioning, and growth of an organism—reproduce in this way; by contrast, reproductive cells, or gametes, are created by another kind of cell division, called meiosis; meiosis also starts out by duplicating the chromosomes, but there are two divisions instead of one, with the result that four daughter cells are produced rather than two; since the number of chromosomes is halved with each division, each daughter cell has just a single set of chromosomes and is called a haploid cell; *during reproduction, the union of a female gamete with a male gamete restores the two full sets of chromosomes in a new organism*...”. [emphasis added]. ~ (based on the American Heritage Student Science Dictionary). Hazard: • hazard (tr.v.; hazarded, hazarding, hazards): 1. to venture (something); [e.g.]: “The untraceable eighteenth-century apologist hazarded a guess”; 2. to express at the risk of denial, criticism, or censure; [e.g.]: “The wise young captain... hazarded to the lieutenant-colonel that the enemy’s infantry would probably soon attack the hill”. (Stephen Crane); (synonyms): endanger, imperil, jeopardise, risk, hazard; these verbs mean to subject to danger, loss, or destruction; [e.g.]: “it is erratic driving which endangers lives”; “a forest imperilled by fanatical but misguided environmentalism”; “unavoidable costs which jeopardised profits”; “wouldn’t risk her financial security and ended life a pauper”; “her secretive alcoholism hazarded her health”. [Middle English hasard, ‘a kind of dice game’, from Old French, from Old Spanish azar, ‘unlucky throw of the dice’, ‘chance’, possibly from Arabic az-zahr, ‘the die’, from al-, ‘the’ + zahr, ‘die’ (possibly from zahr, ‘flowers’, via the losing sides of some medieval dice perhaps being decorated with images of flowers), from zahara, ‘to shine’, ‘be radiant’; based on the Semitic root √zhr]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary; Edited Version). • hazard (tr.v.): to venture (an opinion, guess, etc.); (adj.): hazardable, hazard-free. [C13: from Old French hasard, from Arabic az-zahr, ‘the die’]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary). • hazard (tr.v.): to offer (a statement, conjecture, etc.) with the possibility of facing criticism, disapproval, failure, or the like; venture; [e.g.]: “to hazard a guess”; (adj.): hazardable; (n.): hazarder; (synonyms): danger, peril, hazard; these verbs imply harm which may be encountered; danger is the general word for liability to injury or harm, either near at hand and certain, or remote and doubtful; [e.g.]: “to be in danger of being killed”; peril usually denotes great and imminent danger; [e.g.]: “The passengers on the disabled ship were in great peril of the vessel broaching”; hazard suggests a danger which can often be foreseen but cannot be avoided; [e.g.]: “A mountain climber is exposed to many hazards as a matter of course”. [1250-1300; Middle English hasard, from Old French, perhaps from Arabic al-zahr, ‘the die’]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary). • hazard (v.): put forward, of a guess, in spite of possible refutation; [e.g.]: “She hazarded a guess as to the likely outcome of any such procedure”; (synonyms): guess, venture, pretend; [e.g.]: “I am guessing the price of real estate will rise again”; “I cannot pretend to say you are wrong”; (related words): forebode, predict, prognosticate, foretell, promise, anticipate, call (make a prediction about; tell in advance; [e.g.]: “They will call the outcome of an election”); suspect, surmise (imagine to be the case or true or probable; [e.g.]: “I suspect he is a fugitive”; “I surmised that the butler did it”); speculate (talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion; [e.g.]: “We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal”). ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0). • hazard (v.): 1. guess, suggest, ask; [e.g.]: “‘Fifteen or sixteen?’ Mrs Dearden hazarded as an answer”; 2. hazard a guess; (synonyms): guess, conjecture, suppose, speculate, presume, take a guess; [e.g.]: “I would hazard a guess they’ll do fairly well”; 3. jeopardise, risk, endanger, threaten, expose, imperil, put in jeopardy; [e.g.]: “He could not believe the man would have hazarded his grandson like that”. ~ (Collins English Thesaurus). • hazard (v.): 1. to have the courage to put forward, as an idea, especially when rebuff or criticism is likely; (synonyms): dare, presume, pretend, venture; 2. to expose to possible loss or damage; (synonyms): adventure, compromise, risk, venture; 3. to run the risk of; (synonyms): adventure, chance, risk, venture. ~ (The American Heritage Roget’s Thesaurus). • hazard a guess (idiom): to make a prediction, estimate, or conjecture; [e.g.]: “If I had to hazard a guess I’d say it’s the cooling system which failed”; “You won’t be penalised for hazarding a guess so be sure not to leave any questions unanswered”. ~ (Farlex Dictionary of Idioms). • hazard an opinion (fig.): to give an opinion; [e.g.]: “She asked the attorney to hazard an opinion about the strength of her lawsuit”; “Don’t feel like you have to hazard an opinion on something you know nothing about”. ~ (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs). • hazard an opinion (idiom): to voice or share one’s opinion; [e.g.]: “I was too intimidated to hazard an opinion because all the members of the board were in that meeting”. ~ (Farlex Partners Idioms Dictionary). • hazard a guess, or, take a guess, make a guess (idiom): to guess; [e.g.]: “Even if you don’t know, please hazard a guess as to what it might be”; “If you don’t know the answer, take a guess at what it could be”. ~ (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs). Heckle and Jeckle: • [quote] ‘(...) Heckle is slightly more cynical than Jeckle.’ Both of them treat their mutual enemies with threats and rudeness, but Heckle will usually make his intentions clear from the outset, while Jeckle will (at first) treat enemies politely in order to lull them into a false sense of security before unleashing magpie mayhem’. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckle_and_Jeckle). Heckle and Jeckle: Heckle and Jeckle are postwar animated cartoon characters created by Paul Terry, originally produced at his own Terrytoons animation studio and released through 20th Century Fox ...’. Who’s who: Although identical in appearance, they are differentiated by their voices (...). However, the two magpies are far more alike in temperament than they are different ...’. Characteristics: While both are basically brash, cynical and antagonistic, Heckle may be more openly confrontational, and Jeckle slightly more devious. Both may deliberately annoy their mutual foils with insults, slapstick violence and rudeness, but Heckle is more likely to make his intentions clear from the outset. Conversely, Jeckle often treats enemies politely at first, in order to lull them into a false sense of security before unleashing magpie mayhem. They are alternately cast as a pair of conmen actively out to swindle an unsuspecting dupe – or just freeloading opportunists ...’. The high point of any Heckle and Jeckle cartoon was arguably the climactic chase sequence (...). Heckle and Jeckle often received their comeuppance before the fadeout, however, as they were usually the instigators of the conflict in the first place. Although they’ve wound up inside a jail cell on occasion ...’. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckle_and_Jeckle) Heliocentrism: ‘For many centuries, Heliocentrism was countered with the apparent common sense view that, if the Earth were spinning and moving around the Sun, people and objects would tend to fall off or spin out into space; an object dropped from a tower would fall behind the tower as the latter rotated with the Earth and would land to the West; and so on. A response to these objections required much better understanding of physics. In the 16th century the theory was *revived* by Nicolaus Copernicus, in a form consistent with then-current observations’. [emphasis added]. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism). Herd Instinct: the herd instinct: gregariousness and mutual influence as a psychological factor. [from Latin gregārius, from grex, greg- ‘a flock’ + -ous]’.~ (Oxford English Dictionary). For example: • [Richard]: It is more than likely that ‘the need to belong’ arises from the herd instinct – gregariousness runs deep – with layer upon layer of socialisation compounding this primal urge. (...). There is more to it than the hereditarily programmed gregarian urge, of course, as the basic instinctual passions in general, such as fear and aggression and nurture and desire, automatically form themselves into a feeling ‘being’ ... which is who ‘I’ am at root (‘me’ at the core of ‘my’ being is ‘being’ itself). And any ‘me’ (an inchoate ‘presence’ or rudimentary survival ‘self’ as it were) is an alien identity forever locked-out of paradise (the source of sorrow, by the way, but that is another story) desiring validation from all the other alien identities.(Actual Freedom List, No. 42, 29 April 2003) Highbrow: • highbrow (n.): one who possesses or affects a high degree of culture or learning; (adj.; also highbrowed): of, relating to, or being highly cultured or intellectual; [e.g.]: “They only attend highbrow events such as the ballet or the opera”; (n.): highbrowism. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary). • highbrow (n.): a person of scholarly and erudite tastes; (adj.): appealing to highbrows; [e.g.]: “some highbrow literature”. ~ (Collins English Dictionary). • highbrow (n.): 1. a person who has or affects superior intellectual or cultural interests and tastes; 2. (adj.; also, highbrowed): of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a highbrow; (n.): highbrowism. [1895-1900]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary). • highbrow (n.): a person of intellectual or erudite tastes; (synonyms): intellectual, intellect (a person who uses the mind creatively); (adj.): highly cultured or educated; (synonym): highbrowed; [e.g.]: “those highbrow events such as the ballet or opera”; “a highbrowed literary critic”; colloquialism (a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication which seeks to imitate informal speech); intellectual (appealing to or using the intellect); [e.g.]: “satire is an intellectual weapon”; “those intellectual workers engaged in creative literary or artistic or scientific labour”; “has tremendous intellectual sympathy for oppressed people”; “a coldly intellectual person”; “sort of the intellectual type”; “some intellectual literature”. ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0). • highbrow (adj.; often disparaging): 1. intellectual, cultured, sophisticated, deep, cultivated, highbrowed, bookish; (informal): brainy; [e.g.]: “He presents his own highbrow literary programme”; (antonyms): ignorant, philistine, unsophisticated, uninformed, shallow, unlearned, uncultivated, lowbrow, unintellectual; (n.): intellectual, scholar, mastermind, aesthete; (informal): egghead, brain, savant; (U.S. informal): Brahmin; (slang): brainbox; [e.g.]: “the sniggers of the highbrows could be clearly heard”; (antonyms): illiterate, moron, philistine, idiot, ignoramus, lowbrow; (informal): imbecile; (quotations): “A highbrow is a kind of person who looks at a sausage and thinks of Picasso”. (A. P. Herbert, “The Highbrow“). ~ (Collins English Thesaurus). • highbrow (n.; informal): appealing to or engaging the intellect; (synonyms): cerebral, intellectual, sophisticated, thoughtful. ~ (American Heritage Roget’s Thesaurus). • highbrow (n.): person of superior intellect and taste (1884); from high (adj.) + brow (n.); the adjective also is attested from 1884; cf. middlebrow⁽⁰¹⁾; cf. lowbrow⁽⁰²⁾; viz.: lowbrow (n.; also low-brow): person who is not intellectual (1902); from low (adj.) + brow (n.); said to have been coined by U.S. journalist Will Irwin (1873-1948), perhaps on the model of highbrow, which seems to be earlier; a low brow on a man as a sign of primitive qualities was common in nineteenth century fiction, but on a woman it was considered a mark of classical beauty; [e.g.]: “A low brow and not a very high one is considered beautiful in woman, whereas a high brow and not a low one is the stamp of manhood”. (Medical Review; June 2, 1894); as an adjective from 1913. ~ (Online Etymology Dictionary) __________ ⁽⁰¹⁾middlebrow (n.; informal): one who is somewhat cultured, with conventional tastes and interests; one who is neither highbrow nor lowbrow; (adj.): middlebrow. [middle + (high)brow and (low)brow]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary). • middlebrow (n.): 1. a person of conventional tastes and interests; a moderately cultivated person; (adj.): 2. characteristic of or catering to middlebrows; (n.): middlebrowism. [1920-25]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary). • middlebrow (n.): a person with conventional tastes and limited cultural appreciation; (adj.): of or appealing to middlebrows; [e.g.]: “a middlebrow culture”; (n.): middlebrowism. ~ (Collins English Dictionary). • middlebrow (n.): 1. someone who is neither a highbrow nor a lowbrow. ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0). __________ ⁽⁰²⁾lowbrow (n.): one having uncultivated tastes; (adj.; also lowbrowed): uncultivated; vulgar. [low + (high)brow]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary). • lowbrow (n.): a person who has uncultivated or nonintellectual tastes; (adj.): of or characteristic of such a person (n.): lowbrowism. ~ (Collins English Dictionary). • lowbrow (n.): a person with little interest in intellect or culture; (adj.): characteristic of a lowbrow. [1905-10]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary). • lowbrow (n.): 1. a person who is uninterested in intellectual pursuits; (synonyms): anti-intellectual, philistine; pleb, plebeian (one of the common people); (adj.): characteristic of a person who is not cultivated or does not have intellectual tastes; [e.g.]: “their lowbrow tastes”; (synonyms): lowbrowed, uncultivated; nonintellectual (not intellectual). ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0). • lowbrow (adj.): unsophisticated, popular, shallow, lightweight, tabloid, inferior, easy-to-understand, mass-market, undemanding, insubstantial, unscholarly; [e.g.]: “those lowbrow novels”. ~ (Collins English Thesaurus). Hive Mind: hive mind (n.): 1. a notional entity consisting of a large number of people who share their knowledge or opinions with one another, regarded as producing either uncritical conformity or collective intelligence; [e.g.]: “But how does a modern government control the hive mind without television and radio?”; “The hive mind is the biggest problem with markets”; 2. (in science fiction) a unified consciousness or intelligence formed by a number of alien individuals, the resulting consciousness typically exerting control over its constituent members; [e.g.]: “there is a Borg Queen who controls the hive mind”; ”The Doctor’s race to Oswin brought him to a room full of Daleks, but Oswin hacked into their hive mind and deleted any knowledge of the Doctor”. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary). Holily/Holiness: • holily (adv.): in a holy, devout, or sacred manner. ~ (Collins English Dictionary). • holily (adv.): 1. piously; with sanctity; in a holy manner; 2. sacredly; inviolably. ~ (Webster’s 1913 Dictionary). • holily (adv.): 1. in a holy or devout manner; piously; with sanctity; 2. sacredly; inviolably; sinlessly; purely; 3. by holy or righteous means. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia). • holily (adv.): in a holy way; with sanctity. ~ (Word-Sense Online Dictionary). • holiness (n.): 1. the state or character of being holy or sinless; purity of moral character; perfect freedom from all evil; sanctity; 2. the state of anything hallowed, or consecrated to God or to his worship; sacredness; (synonyms): 1. saintliness, godliness, etc.; see religion (viz.: piety, sanctity, saintliness, godliness, holiness, religiosity). ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia). Hortative: • hortative (adj. and n.): I. (adj.): giving exhortation; encouraging; inciting; II.†. an address intended to incite or encourage; an exhortation; [e.g.]: “For soldiers, I find the generals, commonly, in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children”. (Francis Bacon, “Of Marriage and Single Life”, 1884); “In hortatives and pleadings, as truth or disguise serveth best to the design in hand, so is the judgement or the fancy most required”. (Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679, “De Homine (On Man)”, 1658, i. 8). [= Old French hortatif = Portuguese hortativo (rare), from Latin hortaticus, ‘that serves for encouragement’, from hortari, ‘encourage’, ‘incite’: see hortation]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia). • hortatively (adv.): in a hortative manner (viz.: urging to some course of conduct or action; exhorting; encouraging; [e.g.]: “Speaking hortatively he urged action soonest”); (synonym): hortatorily. [from Late Latin hortātōrius, ‘encouraging’, from Latin hortātus, past participle of hortārī, ‘to urge’, ‘to exhort’]. ~ (Online Neoteric Dictionary). • hortatory (adj.): encouraging; inciting; urging to some course of conduct or action: as, a hortatory address; a hortatory style; [e.g.]: “I also send you here another hortatory letter, written in Latin, to the brethren who are embracing Christ with the cross”. (Bishop Ridley, in “Bradford’s Letters”; Parker Soc., 1853, II. 207); “He animated his souldiers with many hortatorie orations”. (Philemon Holland, 1552-1637, tr. of Ammianus Marcellinus’ “Res Gestae”, p. 202). [= Old French hortatif = Portuguese hortativo (rare), from Latin hortaticus, ‘that serves for encouragement’, from hortari, ‘encourage’, ‘incite’: see hortation]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia). • hortation (n.): the act of exhorting, or giving advice and encouragement; exhortation. [from Latin hortatio(n-), from hortari, ‘urge strongly’, ‘incite’, ‘encourage’, contraction of koritari, frequentative of hori, ‘urge’, ‘incite’; cf. dehort, exhort]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia). Hortatory: • hortatory (adj.): encouraging; inciting; urging to some course of conduct or action: as, ‘a hortatory address’; ‘a hortatory style’; [e.g.]: “I also send you here another hortatory letter, written in Latin, to the brethren who are embracing Christ with the cross”. (Bishop Ridley, in “Bradford’s Letters”; Parker Soc., 1853, II. 207); “He animated his souldiers with many hortatorie orations”. (Philemon Holland, 1552-1637, tr. of Ammianus Marcellinus’ “Res Gestae”, p. 202). [= Spanish hortatorio (rare), from Late Latin hortatorius, ‘encouraging’, ‘cheering’, from hortator, ‘an encourager’, ‘exhorter’, from hortari; see hortation]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia). • hortatory (adj.): marked by exhortation or strong urging; [e.g.]: “It was a hortatory speech”. [Late Latin hortātōrius, from Latin hortātus, ‘exhorted’, past participle of hortārī, ‘to exhort’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary). • hortatory (adj.): tending to exhort; encouraging; (n.): hortation; (adv.): hortatorily, hortatively. [C16: from Late Latin hortātōrius, ‘encouraging’, from Latin hortārī, ‘to exhort’]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary). • hortatory (adj.): urging to some course of conduct or action; exhorting; encouraging: a hortatory speech; (adv.): hortatorily. [1580-90; from Late Latin hortātōrius, ‘encouraging’, from hortā(rī), ‘to exhort’ + -tōrius, ‘-tory¹’]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary). • hortatory (adj.): giving strong encouragement; (synonyms): exhortative, exhortatory, hortative; (related word): encouraging (giving courage or confidence or hope; [e.g.]: “they were encouraging advances in medical research”). ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0). • hortation (n.): the act of exhorting, or giving advice and encouragement; exhortation. [from Latin hortatio(n-), from hortari, ‘urge strongly’, ‘incite’, ‘encourage’, contraction of koritari, frequentiveof hori, ‘urge’, ‘incite’; cf. dehort, exhort]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia). • hortative (adj. and n.): I. (adj.): giving exhortation; encouraging; inciting; II.† (n.): an address intended to incite or encourage; an exhortation; [e.g.]: “For soldiers, I find the generals, commonly, in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children”. (Francis Bacon, “Of Marriage and Single Life”, 1884); “In hortatives and pleadings, as truth or disguise serveth best to the design in hand, so is the judgement or the fancy most required”. (Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679, “De Homine (On Man)”, 1658, i. 8). [= Old French hortatif = Portuguese hortativo (rare), from Latin hortaticus, ‘that serves for encouragement’, from hortari, ‘encourage’, ‘incite’: see hortation]. ~ (Seventh Dictionary). Howler: howler (colloq.): a glaring blunder. Oxford Dictionary RETURN TO DEFINITIONS INDEX RICHARD’S HOME PAGE The Third Alternative (Peace On Earth In This Life Time As This Flesh And Blood Body) Here is an actual freedom from the Human Condition, surpassing Spiritual Enlightenment and any other Altered State Of Consciousness, and challenging all philosophy, psychiatry, metaphysics (including quantum physics with its mystic cosmogony), anthropology, sociology ... and any religion along with its paranormal theology. Discarding all of the beliefs that have held humankind in thralldom for aeons, the way has now been discovered that cuts through the ‘Tried and True’ and enables anyone to be, for the first time, a fully free and autonomous individual living in utter peace and tranquillity, beholden to no-one. Richard's Text ©The Actual Freedom Trust: 1997- . All Rights Reserved. Disclaimer and Use Restrictions and Guarantee of Authenticity